The clinical characteristics, antibody responses, single-cell peripheral immune profiling, and plasma cytokine/chemokine/growth factor levels were recorded. cells were increased in the Type 1 group, whereas monocytes and CD4+ T cells were decreased. High CD19, high CD8+CD45RA+ cells, and low effector memory space CD4+/na?ve CD4+ cells of the T-cell populations were present in the Type 1 group. The Type 1 group experienced higher concentrations of plasma CXCL10, MIP-1 beta, and TNF-alpha. No severe adverse events were reported in all LT recipients. We recognized the immune reactions induced by inactivated vaccines among LT recipients and offered insights into the recognition of immunotypes associated with the responders. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines, liver transplant recipient, neutralizing antibodies, CD3+ CD19+ cell, CXCL10 Intro Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 illness and its severe results (1, 2). Liver transplant (LT) recipients or additional immunocompromised patients are a highly vulnerable patient human population, requiring SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, as recommended Camicinal hydrochloride by some societies (3, 4). Due to immunosuppressive treatment effects, lower immune response and fewer detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine among SOT recipients than among the immunocompetent human population have been recorded (5C12). Some studies possess reported lower immunological and poor antibody response to mRNA-based vaccines among LT recipients (11, 13). Inactivated vaccines have proven to be strongly immunogenic and highly efficient in avoiding severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in immunocompetent individuals (14C16). However, knowledge of inactivated vaccine-induced humoral and cellular reactions in SOT recipients, especially LT recipients, remains poorly understood. Vaccines may prevent illness and its unfavorable effects by inducing powerful disease neutralizing antibody (nAb) reactions, which are crucial for shaping both humoral and cellular protective immunity during the early response to vaccination (17, 18). In addition to nAb, T cells are critically necessary for clearing viral infections and effective vaccination to keep up extensive and enduring antiviral immunity (19, 20). Our earlier study confirmed that T-cell immune response changed during disease progression in individuals with COVID-19 (21). Cytokines and chemokines play a key part in the development and maintenance of immunity in response to Camicinal hydrochloride illness and vaccination. Early cytokine and chemokine signatures may be used to monitor effective vaccination; they have been proposed as guides for optimizing the effectiveness of mRNA vaccination strategies (22). Knowledge of the two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune response in LT Camicinal hydrochloride recipients remains poor, especially the comprehensive difference in Camicinal hydrochloride humoral and cellular reactions between responders and non-responders. Defining the nature of immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could help determine biomarkers for predicting the effective software of vaccines in LT recipients. In this study, we used the systems vaccinology approach to comprehensively profile the innate and adaptive immune reactions of LT recipients who have been vaccinated with the two-dose inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Additionally, we evaluated the medical characteristics, antibody reactions, single-cell peripheral immune profiling, and plasma cytokine/chemokine/growth factor levels among LT recipients with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccination. Individuals and methods Patient human population and study design This study was an observational study carried out among LT recipients who experienced received two scheduled doses of the inactivated vaccines (CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV) within 8 weeks, UBE2T according to the national vaccination protocol. The participants were recruited from an online survey. Three healthy donors without vaccination (HD) and four healthy donors vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine (HDV) were recruited as the no vaccination healthy settings and vaccination healthy controls, respectively. Blood samples from LT recipients and HDVs were acquired within 4C8 weeks after administration of the second dose of the vaccine for CyTOF and cytokine detection. The exclusion criteria included age <18 years and history of COVID-19 analysis. All the medical data of LT recipients within 4 weeks before the 1st dose of the vaccine were retrospectively reviewed. Number?1A shows the study circulation diagram for the study. This study was.
