HDACs

Mice were anaesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection (ip.) of 0.1 ml of a stock solution containing ketamine HCl (25 mg/ml), xylazine (2.5 mg/ml) and 14.25 %25 % ethyl alcohol (diluted 1:3 in 0.9 % NaCl). non-toxic and rational therapeutic approach for the successful treatment Mevalonic acid of HER2 overexpressing BCBM, which now warrants further preclinical and clinical investigation. Keywords: Neural stem cells, Breast cancer brain metastasis, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2 overexpressing breast cancer, Trastuzumab, Blood brain barrier, Monoclonal antibody therapy Graphical Abstract Introduction Brain metastases are a fatal complication of breast cancer with a median survival time of 4-12 months [1]. Surgical resection in addition to whole brain / stereotactic radiation therapy are the only available options which provide limited survival benefits. Moreover, some lesions, such as diffuse micro-metastases and those located in eloquent cortex or critical structures, are not amenable to surgical resection. At present, there is a dearth of targeted treatment modalities for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM), warranting the development of novel therapies in this domain. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in about 30% of breast cancer patients and is associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis [2]. This overexpression of HER2 in breast cancer patients increases the propensity for CNS metastases, which ranges from 30.7% – 53% in various cohorts [3, 4]. Therefore, HER2 protein is a suitable target for the treatment of BCBM. Trastuzumab (trade name Herceptin?) is a humanized monoclonal antibody which is Rabbit polyclonal to FOXRED2 effective in the treatment of systemic metastatic disease [5]. However, it is futile in treatment of BCBM because of poor drug penetration through Mevalonic acid the blood-brain barrier (BBB)[6]. Furthermore, trastuzumab treatment is strongly associated with increased incidence of brain metastases, an observation that has been documented in a number of reports [4, 6-8]. This is attributable to the systemic control of the disease through trastuzumab, which prolongs survival, allowing the outgrowth of cancer cells at a sanctuary site i.e. brain. A recent clinical trial of Herceptin? (HERA) documents that, of all the patients who died, 53% had CNS involvement [9]. The BBB is a major obstacle in the treatment of brain malignancies. To overcome this limitation, our group has developed neural stem cells (HB1F3), which are tumor tropic and can cross the BBB when injected systemically [10, 11]. These NSCs have been employed as carriers of therapeutic molecules and oncolytic viruses [12-15] to achieve significant survival benefits for brain malignancies. Moreover, NSCs (HB1.F3.CD) are FDA approved for phase-I clinical studies in patients with glioblastoma (completed safety study NCT01172964; phase I dose escalation study in progress NCT02015819). Our group has previously demonstrated the ability of modified NSCs to deliver functional, anti-HER2-antibody to non-CNS, orthotopic breast cancer cells [16]. However the potential therapeutic implication of NSCs secreting anti-HER2Ab in a brain metastatic breast cancer model has not been evaluated. In this report, NSCs secreting stable and high amount of anti-HER2 antibody (HER2Ab-NSCs) were generated. Using these genetically modified NSCs, we performed intracranial Mevalonic acid xenograft studies using HER2 overexpressing, human brain metastatic cells. Our results demonstrate significant improvement in the survival of mice injected with HER2Ab-NSCs. Hence our work provides compelling evidence for the use of HER2Ab-NSCs to treat HER2 overexpressing BCBM. Materials and Methods Cell culture The HB1.F3 human NSC line was derived from primary cultures of fetal telencephalon by immortalization with an amphotropic, replication incompetent retrovirus encoding the v-gene as previously described [17, 18]. NSC, BT474 (ATCC, Manassas, VA), BT474M1BrM3 [19] (will be referred to as BT474Br), Lenti-X 293T cells (Clonetech, Mountain View, CA), MCF7 cells (Dr. Suzanne Conzen, University of Chicago) were maintained in DMEM Mevalonic acid supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT) in a humidified (5%) CO2 incubator. MDA-MB-361 (Dr. Seungpyo Hong, University of Illinois.

Transplant. increase or only a slight increase in MxA mRNA levels was detectable after administration of rIFN-2a or (C)IFN, whereas a significant increase (10-fold) in MxA mRNA expression was recorded following administration of LeIFN. The neutralizing antibodies to rIFN-2a cross-react with (C)IFN. Sera from these patients neutralized most but not all of the subtypes present in the natural IFN- (LeIFN) mixture, and no significant increase in neopterin levels was observed after these patients were switched to LeIFN treatment. In summary, the data demonstrate that the problem of neutralizing antibodies still exists and that LeIFN may induce an increase in the level of MxA mRNA expression but not GDC-0084 an increase in neopterin levels in patients who are resistant to treatment with rIFN-2a or (C)IFN. It has been repeatedly reported that antibodies to interferon (IFN) may develop during alpha IFN (IFN-) therapy (2). Of the antibodies that bind to different epitopes of the IFN molecule, some are neutralizing antibodies (NABs), as measured in antiviral neutralization assays. The development of NABs against IFN- has been correlated with a decline in therapeutic efficacy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (39), hairy-cell leukemia (40), carcinoid tumors (33, 36), and chronic hepatitis C (7, 21, 31) treated with IFN- and, more recently, in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with IFN- (26, 27, 37). It has also been observed in patients with severe type II essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC), for whom IFN- is a well-established and widely used therapy (9, 10, 12, 32). Several studies have also demonstrated that second-line therapy with natural human IFN- may be effective in restoring the therapeutic response in patients with chronic hepatitis C (5, 13, 31) and in those with cancer (8, 20, 38, 42) GDC-0084 who relapse following the production of NABs to rIFN-. However, the possibility that switching to alternative IFN- preparations could overcome the NAB-induced fall in the biological and clinical activities of IFN has, so far, rarely been considered. Furthermore, a clear cause-and-effect relationship between NAB production and the reduction in the biological effectiveness of IFN has not been proved conclusively. One possible way of addressing these issues would be to study the effect of circulating antibodies on the pharmacodynamics of IFN in an attempt to establish whether they are capable of reducing the bioavailability and biological activity of the administered IFN-. The aim of the present study was thus to analyze the pharmacodynamic response to recombinant IFN-2a (rIFN-2a) in NAB-seropositive patients with EMC who, after initially responding to treatment with rIFN-2a, demonstrated a subsequent lack GDC-0084 of response. Specifically, the following markers were measured: (i) the expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the mRNA of a well-known IFN-induced protein, MxA, which is an accepted specific indicator of type I IFN (IFN and ) activity (22) and (ii) the level of expression of neopterin in serum, a marker of macrophage activity, which is a surrogate marker for IFN- bioactivity (25). In addition, the question was addressed Rabbit Polyclonal to EDG4 whether IFN- preparations that are different from rIFN-2a, such as consensus IFN [(C)IFN] and leukocyte IFN (LeIFN), are able to overcome the decreases in the biological effects of IFN that developed concomitantly with the formation of NABs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient characteristics. In this study, attention was focused on two patients with type II EMC, in whom treatment with rIFN-2a had failed and who therefore had to start a new cycle of IFN therapy. The clinical courses of these patients who were treated with different types of IFN are described below. (i) Patient 1. Patient 1 is a 62-year-old woman with type II cryoglobulins, purpura, diffuse arthralgia, sicca syndrome, hypertension, moderate anemia, proteinuria (3 g/day), reduced creatinine clearance (34 ml/min), and a histopathological diagnosis of diffuse membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with deposits of immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and complement. Tests for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and for plasma HCV RNA were repeatedly negative. Despite the lack of evidence of HCV infection, the patient was treated with rIFN-2a (Roferon A; Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) at 3 MU daily for 3 months, followed by 3 MU on alternate days (11). Her response was excellent overall: the cryoglobulins disappeared, as did the clinical symptoms. Some 8 months later, IFN therapy was stopped because of the reappearance of proteinuria that was attributed to IFN nephrotoxicity. The patient’s.

To explore the part of scFv1C9 the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway 2,3. part of scFv1C9 the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway 2,3. The actions of FGFs are often mediated by FGF receptors (FGFRs) that have tyrosine kinase actions 4. FGF-1 can be indicated in a multitude of cell features and types like a proliferation, success and differentiation element 5. As it will not possess a sign peptide and will include a nuclear localization series (NLS), FGF-1 can be regularly located cytoplasm and in the cell nucleus under regular circumstances 6,7. Numerous kinds of stress, such as for example heat shock, serum and hypoxia starvation, induce the discharge of FGF-1 from cells 8C10. FGF-1 stimulates the introduction of various kinds malignancies, including bladder tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic breasts and tumor cancers 11C13, which implies that FGF-1 signalling can be a potential focus on for tumor therapy. Thus, obstructing FGF signalling could be an effective way for tumor therapy. PD173074 (1-was made by placing cDNA in to the I site using the in-fusion PCR cloning program. The recombinant vector included a manifestation cassette for an scFv1C9 fusion proteins. The viruses were propagated in 293FT cells by co-transfecting pLV-UbC-GFP-3FLAG or pLV-UbC-GFP-3FLAG-with the pMD2 and psPAX2.G plasmids according to a typical technique 26. A real-time PCR assay was utilized to look for the titre from the recombinant pathogen with a thermal cycler (ABI 7500, Applied Biosystems, ABI: Carlsbad, CA, USA) The next WPRE-specific primers had been used: ahead 5-CCTTTCCGGGACTTTCGCTTT-3 and invert 5-GCAGAATCCAGGTGGCAACA-3. RNAi lentivirus program Two RNAi focus on sequences for FGF-1 and VEGF had been made with the Invitrogen RNAi Developer. The prospective sequences had been the next: FGF-1 (588) GCCAGAAAGCAATCTTGTT, FGF-1 (602) GGACTCACTATGGCCAGAA, VEGF ( 1184 ) VEGF and GCAGCTACTGCCATCCAAT. The shRNA sequences had been determined based on the focus on series and cloned in to the pLL3.7 plasmid at I and I sites. To verify the gene-silencing effectiveness of FGF-1 and VEGF, each gene-containing plasmid was transfected in MCF-7 cells. The cell lysates were useful for the analysis of VEGF or FGF-1 expression by western blot. The lentiviruses were packaged in 293FT cells by co-transfecting the shRNA plasmid using the pMD2 or psPAX2.G plasmid. After titration, the pathogen was utilized to infect the required cells. Transduction of human being breasts cancers cells 5 Approximately??105 Rabacfosadine MCF-7 cells were seeded inside a 6-well dish, and 2?ml of viral option (MOI?=?10) with 10?g/ml polybrene was added for 12?hrs. Following the infection, the perfect solution is was changed with fresh full medium. Three times later, the effectiveness of transduction was evaluated from the GFP manifestation level. Two cell lines (MCF-7/GFP and MCF-7/GFP-scFv1C9) had been founded through lentiviral disease. Using the same technique above, we created MDA-MB-231 cells shRNA expressing scrambled, shFGF-1, shVEGF or scFv1C9. Rabacfosadine Tumour development in nude mice Tests had been performed with 6-week-old feminine nonobese diabetic/serious mixed immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice weighing 20?g (plasmid, which encodes the EGFP-scFv1C9 protein, was constructed while described inside our earlier research 20. The tumour-bearing NOD/SCID mice had been randomly split into three organizations (plasmid (50?g in 50?l of PBS). Eight pulses had been shipped at 100?V/50?msec. These electroporation guidelines were decided on predicated on the full total outcomes from the luciferase activity experiments. The electroporation was repeated four moments at 3-day time intervals. The biggest (L) and smallest (S) diameters from the tumours had been measured once weekly. lung metastasis model The MDA-MB-231 Scramble, shFGF-1, shVEGF or scFv1C9 tumor cells had been injected in to the lateral tail vein of BALB/C nude mice. At 4?weeks post-transplantation, the mice were put through initial perfusion and killed. The lungs had been isolated and set in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48?hrs in 4C. The excellent lobe of the proper lung was inlayed in paraffin and cut into 2-m areas; the additional lobes had been put through Rabacfosadine dehydration with 35% sucrose for 1?week in room temperatures. The dehydrated cells had been inlayed in O.C.T. chemical substance and sectioned having a cryotome. Immunohistochemistry For Compact disc31 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, paraffin-embedded 2-m-thick cells sections had been stained using the process given by the S-P immunohistochemistry package (Maixin, Fuzhou, China). To analyse the lung metastasis, the 2-m paraffin and 20-m freezing sections had been stained with anti-GFP antibody following a Maixin’s process. The sections had been photographed having Rabacfosadine a Nikon microscope (Eclips TE2000-U; Nikon: Tokyo, Japan). Statistical analysis The Ki-67-positive cells were counted in 9 decided on fields randomly. The Ki-67 index may be the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells like a small fraction of the full total cells. The Compact disc-31-positive structures had been measured with Picture J. The microvessel denseness (MVD) may be the percentage of Compact disc-31-positive constructions per total region. The full total results were expressed as the mean??SD. For the figures of micrometastases, four pieces in one mouse had been stained and examined Mouse monoclonal to EGF for lung micrometastases to measure the ability from the cells to create a lung metastasis. Statistical evaluation was performed.

J Bacteriol. antibodies from the IgG1 subtype induced from the mutant was less than that noticed using the parental S19 stress, recommending how the mutant induces a comparatively exclusive Th1 response thus. can be an intracellular pathogen that triggers abortion in bovines and may infect human beings. Abortion in cattle may be the consequence from the tropism how the bacterium offers for the placenta of pregnant pets, where it multiplies intracellularly (10). Brucellosis in human beings can be an illness from the reticuloendothelial program mainly, where the bacterias in the phagocytic cell multiply; the intermittent launch of bacterias through the cells in to the blood stream causes undulant fever (17, 29). Brucellosis will not pass on among humans; as a result, eradication of the condition through the organic reservoirs, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and additional susceptible pets, will result in elimination of human being infection. In areas with high prevalence of the condition, the only path of controlling and finally eradicating this zoonosis can be by vaccination of most vulnerable hosts and eradication of infected pets. Vaccination represents a significant device for the control of bovine brucellosis. One of the most utilized vaccines may be the attenuated stress S19 acquired spontaneously through the virulent stress 2308 (24, 25, 26, 29). Live attenuated S19 offers served for quite some time as a highly effective vaccine to avoid brucellosis in cattle (8, 18). The hereditary defect leading to attenuation of the stress has not however been described. S19 has dropped some essential unidentified system of virulence. Despite this known fact, the vaccinal stress conserves some extent of virulence, getting pathogenic for human beings (37), and creates abortion and consistent an infection in adult vaccinated cattle. Vaccination with S19 can be used limited to sexually immature pets (25, 26). belong, regarding to 16S rRNA sequences, towards the -2 subgroup from the (16), and comparative research from the virulence genes from the place pathogen as well as the endosymbiotic might provide us brand-new insights on virulence elements. The two-component regulatory program (30) is extremely like the two-component 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) regulatory program ChvG-ChvI of (5) and ExoS-ChvI of (6). These two-component regulatory genes are equal to PhoP-PhoQ (31) and BvgA-BvgS systems (32). In every these bacterias, the two-component sensory systems get excited about managing virulence or, regarding mutants display decreased invasiveness and virulence (22, 30). A operon extremely homologous towards the operon was discovered in (20) and in (28). A mutant (20), demonstrating that in operon is 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) normally involved with virulence thus. 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) In a recently available report, a conserved homologue from the gene extremely, which encodes a putative cytoplasmic 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) membrane transportation protein necessary for symbiosis, was discovered (14). The mutant displays decreased success in macrophages and decreased virulence in BALB/c mouse an infection (14). and in and in had been 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine (PNU 200577) defined as the genes coding for the cyclic -1,2-glucan synthetase (12). We reported that in the biosynthesis of cyclic -1 lately,2-glucan proceeds with the same system such as and (4). The cyclic glucan synthetase (Cgs) works as an intermediate through the synthesis from the cyclic -1,2-glucan (12). Up to now, cyclic -1,2-glucan continues to be described limited to bacteria that connect to plant life as either endosymbionts or pathogens. This glucan is necessary for effective nodule invasion in symbiotic nitrogen-fixing as well as for crown gall tumor induction in (3). cyclic -1,2-glucan mutants possess several changed cell surface area properties including lack of motility Mouse monoclonal antibody to Integrin beta 3. The ITGB3 protein product is the integrin beta chain beta 3. Integrins are integral cell-surfaceproteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. A given chain may combine with multiplepartners resulting in different integrins. Integrin beta 3 is found along with the alpha IIb chain inplatelets. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface mediatedsignalling. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] because of a defective set up of flagella and elevated sensitivity to specific antibiotics and detergents (3). The S19 gene that rules for the cyclic -1,2-glucan synthetase provides previously been discovered and sequenced (12). are compatible genes. or cyclic -1,2-glucan mutants could be complemented with the genes, indicating that their features are extremely conserved (11, 12). An initial characterization of S19 mutants demonstrated that that they had reduced success in BALB/c mouse spleen tissue, thus.

Treatment beyond development: Could it be moving from perception to proof? em The Oncologist /em . in 2006, we’re able to not really find significant variations in clinical results relating to whether trastuzumab was continuing or ceased in individuals progressing during a short trastuzumab-based routine [3]. Specifically, we observed how the median survival period from the day of first development (henceforth, postprogression success) for 40 individuals carrying on trastuzumab was 21.0 months, which is comparable to that reported by Extra et al. [1]. Nevertheless, 71 individuals preventing trastuzumab and getting extra anticancer therapy experienced a median Carbenoxolone Sodium postprogression success period of 18.7 months (Fig. 1). Notably, we determined two further sets of individuals who didn’t continue trastuzumab beyond development. Fourteen individuals had experienced undesirable trastuzumab-related toxicity resulting in treatment discontinuation before development. When disease development occurred, these were not really retreated with this monoclonal antibody. Another 21 individuals experienced rapid development during first-line trastuzumab-based therapy and were not able to receive extra anticancer therapy, but supportive care just. The median postprogression survival durations in the latter and former sets of patients were 7.8 months and 2.4 months, respectively (Fig. 1). Open up in another window Shape 1. KaplanCMeier estimations of survival through the date of 1st progression in individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond disease development (dark solid range), preventing trastuzumab and getting extra anticancer therapy (dark dashed range), preventing trastuzumab due to toxicity (gray solid range), and getting only supportive treatment because of development (gray dashed range). We excluded from our evaluation these two sets of individuals. Actually, a fair assessment of medical outcomes to judge the hypothesis that carrying on trastuzumab beyond development is Carbenoxolone Sodium effective over no Carbenoxolone Sodium continuation needs that individuals in the control group possess equal therapeutic possibilities to individuals in the experimental group. For individuals encountering prohibitive toxicity with qualified or trastuzumab for supportive treatment just, carrying on trastuzumab beyond development and, probably, Rabbit Polyclonal to AIG1 getting ideal anticancer treatment weren’t suitable therapeutic possibilities. Indeed, the medical outcome of the individuals was dismal, as referred to above. We mentioned that preventing trastuzumab was the just requirement referred to in individuals in the control band of the Hermine research. We, therefore, returned to our unique dataset and reanalyzed data applying this same description. All 106 individuals preventing trastuzumab were weighed against individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond disease development (Fig. 2). Success from the day of first development for individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond disease development was about 10 weeks longer than for all those preventing trastuzumab (21.0 months versus 10.six months; = .03). Open up in another window Shape 2. KaplanCMeier estimations of survival through the date of 1st progression in individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond disease development (solid range) or preventing trastuzumab (dashed range) (discover text for information for the assessment group). We consequently analyzed an evaluation population including just those individuals who cannot receive trastuzumab due to previous toxicity or fast disease development (35 individuals) (Fig. 3). In this full case, individuals preventing trastuzumab got a median postprogression success length of 3.7 months ( .01), a discovering that is comparable to that which was reported by Extra et al remarkably. [1]. We, consequently, claim that the dismal median postprogression success period reported for the Hermine research (4.six months) may possibly not be due to stopping trastuzumab. A far more likely explanation can be that a percentage of individuals preventing trastuzumab cannot go on to get ideal anticancer therapy. Open up in another window Shape 3. KaplanCMeier estimations of survival through the date of 1st progression in individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond disease development (solid range) or preventing trastuzumab (dashed range) (discover text for information on the assessment group). Predicated on these factors, it might be interesting if Extra and co-workers could reanalyze their data by distinguishing individuals preventing trastuzumab relating to whether they had equal possibilities to individuals carrying on trastuzumab beyond development. Dr. Extra was asked to reply but dropped comment. Author Efforts Conception/Style: Filippo Montemurro Provision of research material or individuals: Stefania Redana, Andrea Milani, Valentina Rossi, Rossella Martinello Collection and/or set up of data: Elena Geuna, Valentina Rossi, Rossella Martinello Manuscript composing: Filippo Montemurro Last authorization of manuscript: Stefania Redana, Elena.

2008. (3, 7). Recently, it was shown that colonies of NHPs living in the wild, including various species of monkeys and apes in Africa (mandrills, gorillas, chimpanzees) and Asia (subspecies of macaques), are also infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) (6, 13, 17). The oral mucosa has been shown to be the main site of SFV replication monkeys, and also some divergent SFV sequences from Asian monkeys. Positive PCR products were directly sequenced with an automatic sequencing system (Macrogen, Republic of Korea). The SFV BW-A78U integrase gene sequences obtained were aligned with the ClustalW (1.81) program and then analyzed with Bioedit (http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/BioEdit/bioedit.html). Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the Bayesian method, as implemented in MrBayes version 3.1 software (23), and TNFRSF10B maximum likelihood was estimated by running the general time-reversible model of evolution (GTR model) with a gamma distribution of rates across sites for 1,000,000 generations with a burn-in of 25%. Parameters were BW-A78U examined with the Tracer program (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/), and all estimated sample sizes were greater than 545, as previously described (18). The trees were visualized using the FigTree program (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). SFV contamination in wild-born nonhuman primates. Antibodies to SFV were found in 31 (10.8%) of the 286 NHP plasma samples obtained from wild-born NHPs. The samples showed clear Gag doublet reactivity and were thus considered SFV seropositive (Table 1). Eleven samples were indeterminate, and the other 244 were seronegative. PCR was performed on all 497 NHP DNA BW-A78U samples obtained from 286 buffy coats and 211 tissues (bush meat), including lymph nodes, muscles, lung, and heart. The SFV integrase gene fragment was detected and sequenced in a total of 38 samples (22 from domestic pets, 6 from mandrills in the national park, and 10 from bush meat), including 16 samples, 8 samples, 6 samples, 3 samples, 2 samples, 1 sample, 1 sample, and 1 sample (Table 1). Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) showed that the new sequences obtained from these mandrills and chimpanzees clearly clustered within their respective clades (made up of prototypic sequences). Three new clades, supported by high bootstrap values, were identified: the first corresponded to five new sequences of BW-A78U sequences. The three sequences from (LalKltWd; see the legend to Fig. 1 for sequence designations), (Cne01Wd), and (CtoMinkoWd) also clustered with their respective species clades. Open in a separate window Fig 1 Phylogenetic relationships of integrase gene sequences (425 bp) obtained from 38 wild-born monkeys and apes in Gabon. Phylogenetic tree of new sequences isolated from 16 samples (red), one sample (Lal; brown), one sample (Cne; turquoise), one sample (Cto; red), six samples (blue), three samples (Cni; green), and two samples (Cce; purple) and eight new sequences isolated from (Cpz for chimpanzee; green). NHPs are indicated by the name of the species (e.g., Mnd for mandrill) and the number of the sample (e.g., 122), followed by Wd (wild) for the origin. Cross-species transmission of SFV to humans. Antibodies against SFV were detected in 19 of 78 plasma samples (24%) from people who recalled having been bitten, injured, or scratched by monkeys or apes (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). The SFV integrase gene fragment was detected by PCR in 15.