4A & 4B). naringenin for another 11 weeks. Dietary naringenin suppressed weight gain, lowered hyperglycemia, and decreased intra-abdominal adiposity evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Naringenin-fed mice exhibited elevated locomotor activity monitored by infrared beam breaks, maintained muscle mass, and reduced muscle diacylglycerol content. Real-time PCR analysis in muscle revealed decreased mRNA level for genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis, and triglyceride synthesis/storage. == Conclusions == Long-term 3% naringenin supplementation resulted in significant naringenin accumulation in plasma and tissues, associated with attenuated metabolic dysregulation and muscle loss in obese ovariectomized mice. Keywords: Naringenin, Ovariectomy, Locomotor Activity, Muscle, Diacylglycerol == 1 Intro == Naringenin, a dietary flavonoid, displays a diverse range of biological functions, such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic activities [1, 2]. Naringenin is Naringin (Naringoside) abundant in citrus fruits and tomatoes [3, 4] and its bioavailability has been studied in human and murine models. Naringenin accumulated significantly in plasma [5, 6] and its metabolites were detected in liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain of rats fed naringenin [6, 7]. In human studies, naringenin readily accumulates in plasma after consumption of orange juice, grapefruit juice [8], and tomato paste [9]. Therefore , naringenin appears to be readily bioavailable from the diet, suggesting that beneficial health effects could be attributed to this flavonoid in individuals who consume naringenin food sources regularly. Although naringenin accumulation in tissues was measured in rodents after short-term oral supervision of naringenin, to our knowledge, few studies have examined naringenin concentrations after long-term feeding in tissues that heavily participate in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, including liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. Thus, we assessed the accumulation of naringenin in mice supplemented with 1% or 3% dietary naringenin for 11 weeks. Additionally , reports from the Centers intended for Disease Control and Prevention showed that Rabbit Polyclonal to FANCD2 the prevalence of obesity in women older 60 years and older increased from 31% in 20032004 to 38% in 20112012 [10]. Eighty-five percent of women undergo menopause by age 55 and the loss of ovarian function at menopause has been associated with weight gain, central obesity, muscle loss and metabolic syndrome [1113]. Therefore , weight management and health maintenance in postmenopausal women is a growing field in Naringin (Naringoside) medical practice and scientific investigation. Naringenin appears to be a promising candidate intended for Naringin (Naringoside) mitigating undesirable metabolic changes in postmenopausal women. We recently showed that naringenin attenuated estrogen deficiency related to metabolic disturbances, including high blood glucose, body fat accumulation, and liver steatosis, in mice fed a normal-fat diet (10% calories from fat) [14]. Additionally , several studies demonstrated that dietary supplementation of naringenin to high-fat diets suppressed diet-induced obesity and attenuated metabolic disturbances in male rodents [1517]. However , most of the studies supplemented high-fat diets with naringenin in the beginning from the study, when the mice were lean and healthy. Few studies have examined whether Naringin (Naringoside) naringenin reverses diet-induced metabolic disturbances when mice are already obese, a scenario more reflective of postmenopausal status. Therefore , in the present study, we fed ovariectomized mice, a mouse model mimicking postmenopausal women, a very high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) to induce obesity followed by naringenin supplementation in order to analyze if naringenin exerts similar beneficial effects on metabolism in obese ovariectomized mice. == 2 Materials and methods == == 2 . 1 Animals and diets == C57BL/6J mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) and acclimated to the new environment intended for 12 weeks. Mice were housed 5 per cage at 22 0. 5C on a 12: 12-hour light-dark cycle. Body weight and food intake were measured Naringin (Naringoside) daily. All procedures were in accordance with institution guidelines and approved by the Institutional Pet Care and Use Committee at The Ohio State University..
